Religion Anthropology Flashcards | Quizlet Religion Anthropology Term 1 / 18 religion Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 18 cultural knowledge of supernatural (hidden reality) that people use to cope w/ultimate probs of human existence - associated w/ gods, ghosts, spirits, magic - beyond "normal" experience - provides unifying values 2. On June 30, 2014, the end of the first month of operations, Tudor Manufacturing Co. prepared the following income statement, based on the variable costing concept: Sales(420,000units)$7,450,000Variablecostofgoodssold:Variablecostofgoodsmanufactured(500,000unitsx$14perunit)$7,000,000Lessendinginventory(80,000unitsx$14perunit)1,120,000Variablecostofgoodssold5,880,000Manufacturingmargin$1,570,000Variablesellingandadministrativeexpenses80,000Contributionmargin$1,490,000Fixedcosts:Fixedmanufacturingcosts$160,000Fixedsellingandadministrativeexpenses75,000235,000Incomefromoperations$1,255,000\begin{array}{lrr} Assume mpg is normally distributed. Durkheim and the Anthropology of Religion - Anthropology - Oxford - obo Seen in hunter gathers and Australian totemites. \end{array} It is simple, elegant and well supported through time. These categories are useful in application to ritual roles and functions as well. A few look beyond human nature to that of other animals, for analogues or precursors to religion. As a consequence, the lives of their adherents are much more ritually defined and supported. The actual creation can take up to a week. Once completed, it is followed by more rituals, and they conclude by sweeping up all the colored sand into an urn. Anthropology of Religion: Religious Leaders Religious Leaders All societies have individuals whose job it is to guide or supplement the religious practices of others. It is a betwixt and between state in which bonds are made with people who you may not have ordinarily made friends with. The surface area $S$ of the body of an average person 4 feet tall who weighs $w \mathrm{lb}$ changes at the rate $S^{\prime}(w)=110 w^{-0.575} \mathrm{in}^2 / \mathrm{lb}$ 3. 2. List three characteristics of the Kogi religion, 1. 1. 3. \text{Collection of dividend revenue} & 6,900 & \text{Increase in current liabilities} & 15,000\\ Tylor's definition of religion emphasizes, a belief in spiritual or "supernatural" beings, Which of the following is a "type" of religion that anthropologists have studied, Prehistoric religions, ancient religions, Indigenous religions of small scale societies. Sociology of religion is the study of the beliefs, practices and organizational forms of religion using the tools and methods of the discipline of sociology.This objective investigation may include the use both of quantitative methods (surveys, polls, demographic and census analysis) and of qualitative approaches (such as participant observation, interviewing, and analysis of archival . Such rituals can be either communal or individual and can be performed by the beneficiary or by an officiant. A cargo cult is an indigenist millenarian belief system, in which adherents perform rituals which they believe will cause a more technologically advanced society to deliver goods. The body is a complex system, and the functions of its various parts can be a source for symbols for other complex processes in society. Cargo cult. +Studied circumcision rituals of the Merina of Madagascar Success depends upon: belief in a common mythic world, faith in healer, choice of appropriate transaction symbols, and skill of the healer, Spirit medium, whom Dr. Fritz communicates through; 4th grade education, List three reasons Spiritism took hold and flourished in Brazil, 1. & 1 & 10 & 9 & 8 \\ As such, they are to be performed with an attitude of contrition and humility. All systems of symbolic healing are based on a model of experiential reality which he refers to as its "mythical world" For example, the college experience is a big liminal state that encourages communitas. "This-worldly" in orientation Can be animals, plants or geographic feathers. Some cultures tend to be outer orientated (outside the domestic sphere) , while others were inner oriented (inside the domestic sphere). \hline \text { Source of Variation } & \text { SS } & \text { df } & \text { MS } & F & \text { p-value } \\ Every ritual has a beneficiary, someone or something for which the ritual is undertaken. It discusses various theoretical and contemporary perspectives on fieldwork and ethnography. TreatmentsBlocks12345A101218208B9615187C8514188. Satere Mawe right of passage. In their enactment, rituals take individuals out of the ordinary realm of everyday mundane experience and create for them an opportunity to undergo something higher, more sublime, and closer to the divine. Anthropological theories of religion are diverse. According to Durkheim, an emphasis on the supernatural should not be considered a required component of religion. The three possible portfolio combinations are AB, AC, and BC. --> emphasis on performance and transformation A kind of religion where there is a main spiritual figure, the shaman. - First method and still the standard "rule of thumb", - Refers to circular relationships between cause and effect. They also function to promote a sense of unity, in which individuals are inspired to support and promote the communal system of behavior. The importance and power of ritual can be seen in the persistence of rituals in contemporary secular society. Communitas intense feeling of social solidarity. Mimic how Europeans use or treat objects. An example of this is a Christians vow of abstinence during Lent along with the performance of specific daily prayers, or a Hindus vow to fast on Tuesdays and make specific offerings at a Hanuman temple. He was interested in a hierarchy of values. List three characteristics of World religions 1. The dismantling of the mandala and dispersion of the sand reflects the Buddhist view of impermanence. Prior to the puberty ritual, young boys and girls are viewed as children; they generally have few responsibilities or powers and relatively few distinctions. On December 31 of the current year, Marris Corporation has one note receivable outstanding, a 120-day, 12%, $4,000.00 note dated November 16. These formulas are, in a sense, magic . -Many societies do not make a distinction between beliefs or practices that are spiritual and other habits that are part of daily life. intro to cultural anthropology quizlet - dragsfinserv.com Lacks written scripture and formal creeds He contends that the role of placebos in all forms of healing has been greatly underestimated. Anthropology Anthropology Flashcards 05 2 - 25 cards 102 human origins - 29 cards 124P final - 64 cards 13/14 - 30 cards 2013 McDermott Scholars - 20 cards 207 Final - 136 cards 210 - 15 cards 215 Midterm - 218 cards 234 - 106 cards 2414 Anthro Test 1 - 48 cards 2nd mid term - 23 cards - 13 cards 34 Spleen - 73 cards 3rd Exam - 34 cards In a personal ritual, the beneficiary is generally the person who performs it. If a stock investment with insignificant influence costs $10,000 and is sold for$12,000, how should the difference between these two amounts be recorded? an approach to anthropology studying human societies as systematic sums of their parts, as integrated wholes, the study of people who are known only from their physical and cultural remains, the study of contemporary human societies, the technique of study involving living within the community and participating to a degree in the lives of the people under study, while at the same time making objective observations, characteristics that are found in all human societies, discussing groups in the present tense as they were first described by ethnographers, a geographical area in which societies tend to share many cultural traits, peoples who plow, fertilize, and irrigate their crops, peoples who garden in the absence of fertilization, irrigation, and other advanced technologies, peoples without any form of plant or animal domestication, peoples whose primary livelihood comes from the herding of domesticated animals, a technique used to reveal things that are difficult or impossible to discover by other means, attempting to see the world through the eyes of the people being studied, using one's own society as the basis for interpreting and judging other societies, attempting to describe and understand people's customs and ideas without judging them, a complex whole, which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society, shared understandings about the meaning of certain words, attributes, or objects, such as the color red symbolizing *stop* in traffic signals, a definition in which one defines terms so that they are observable and measurable and therefore can be studied, a definition that focuses on the way a topic manifests itself or is expressed in a culture, a definition that focuses on what a topic does either socially or psychologically, a definition that looks at what is the essential nature of a topic, referring to things that are "above the natural", denotes an attitude wherein the subject is entitled to reverence and respect, a belief in spirit beings (gods, souls, ghosts, demons, etc. Religion - HUM2020: Introduction to the Humanities --> religious rituals open up everyday life to reality It can subsume or supplant a 'primal' religion African traditions remain strong, also strong Christian origins Liminality is anti- structural. When the individual who performs a ritual is a commoner or lay person, the ritual is generally a personal one. Any set of beliefs and practices pertaining to supernatural powers. Religions/Anthropology Flashcards | Quizlet Religions/Anthropology Term 1 / 86 What is the primary ethical duty of Khalsa Sikhs? New York: Routledge. A good example of the difference can be seen in the communion bread and wine preparatory rituals in Christian churches. Use manure to fertilize their fields. + work focused on connections between religion and social structure (animism). Jane considers herself to be a rather conservative investor. They function to transition youth from a state of relative freedom and social powerlessness to one of increased power, as well as increased social and familial responsibility. When the performer is a designated officiant, such as a priest or a shaman, then the ritual is a mediated one, undertaken for the benefit of another (usually a lay person). Day of treatment: no smoking or drinking, eat well, drink only filtered water, bath in rock-salt or white rose petals, bring a white rose with you, List three reasons why women have been described as a "muted group" in anthropological studies, 1. 2. Role of explaining. Dung is a basic cooking fuel. PDF CHAPTER 1 Anthropological Perspectives Learning Objectives Religion - Yale University Similar to our notion of luck. Customs developed to fulfill basic human needs (food, sex, shelter, etc.) People come together when they are initiated together. He asks volunteers from his second-period class to report how many dreams they had last week. It can be tapped into by humans through ritual and experience. \text{Loss on sale of land} & 20,000 & \text{Payment of dividends} & 7,400\\ Moreover, there is an increasing view that many of the problems in urbanized and westernized society are exacerbated by the lack of ritual tools and supports to address them. Sanday wanted a general theory on the inequality of the sexes. Rites of passage are seen as a movement from structure to anti-structure and back again to structure. Placed a premium on hard work and profit. Which of the following is not an example of the "practical" uses to which religion is sometimes put? (Ed.). &\begin{array}{rrrrr} Ambiguous social positions. Associated with social division and serves and emotional need. The scholar who is most known for analyzing these rites of passage "phases" is. 1. These are meant to help prepare the participants physically, emotionally, and spiritually to perform the subsequent rituals, as well as to receive the blessings, forgiveness, or powers that other rituals are meant to confer. This determined male vs. female deities. "Theories are analytical tools for understanding, explaining, and making predictions about a given subject matter" (1). mile Durkheim (b. \text{Variable selling and administrative expenses}&&\underline{\hspace{25pt}80,000}\\ Rituals called rites of passage mark ones transition through the various stages in life, from as early as conception throughout life until death, and even afterwards. ALL OF HUMAN EXPERIENCE IS MEDIATED BY OUR PERCEPTION (biological, psychological and spiritual), -1950's militaristic boarding school It focused on the functions of culture traits and practices in maintaining a stable order in society. & & \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { C } \\ What religion did he cite as evidence for his argument? Often collective. Needs to be accepted on faith. They are generally referred to in English as priests, and their primary function is to oversee both mediated and public rituals. Turn to it when they face uncertainty or danger (Malinowski). The Catholic church, on the other hand, believes that the prayers and rituals of the priest actually bring about an alteration of the substance of the bread and wine, so that they come to share in the essence of Christs blood and flesh although their outer form remains the same. Their state can be viewed as one of extended liminality, in that they always remain as separate, even when living in the midst of the society. Rituals of ablution, prayer, meditation, offerings at a home altar, and so on are typically undertaken by lay persons as a part of the daily enactment of their religious beliefs. $$ Englishman 1871-1958. Anthropological theories of religion are diverse. Used by peasants to pull plows and carts. 2, the idea that religion is, above all else, a question of faith or belief is most associated with, Studies about the evolution of religion tend to focus on all but which of the following questions, Evolution of religion asks all these key questions (When did religion begin, how did it begin, how did religion change over time, is the emergence of religion associated with other aspects of biological evolution?). Whatever is done to an object is believed to affect a person who once had contact with it. The ritual is typically performed to bring healing to the earth. Theories help to direct our thinking and provide a common framework from which people can work. + vitality and its transformation 2. Found in cultures with diverse religious beliefs. Describes antimodernist movements in various religions. Thus, puberty rites confer more specified identities, roles, and responsibilities. -> take a passe everyday three days before treatment Change in social status. \text { Blocks } & 3 & 18 & 15 & 14 \\ -Emphasizes that rites of passage are trasformative (they mark the transition from one life stage to another) --> He presented three stages They are given special privileges as well as special restrictions. Are polytheistic. Attendance to doctoral meetings (spiritual interpretation of Christian bible. \text{Variable cost of goods sold:}\\ The study of religion emerged as a formal discipline during the 19th century, when the methods and approaches of history, philology, literary criticism, psychology, anthropology, sociology, economics, and other fields were brought to bear on the task of determining the history, origins, and functions of religion. Consider the experimental results for the following randomized block design. Puberty rituals are typical of rites of passage and are an important part of many cultures process of adult identity formation. - Durkheim's most influential student, also a pioneer in the pursuit of origins, or grand evolutionary schemes. An example that is most defined in Western culture is in Judaism and Christianity, God has given human feelings of anger and jealousy or compassion and forgiveness. Religion is not seen as an explanation of the world, but as a means of making symbolic statements about society. \text{Payment of interest} &19,000 & \text{Increase in current assets}\\ The first complete definition of culture in anthropology was provided by Edward Tylor, who defined the concept as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." - The great mother's menstrual blood is gold (the sacred life blood of the earth) Can reside in people, animals, plants and objects. Our faculty seek to understand what faith is and why faith persists, when mysticism emerges in complex societies, and how to understand claims which do not on the surface appear to be religious but are treated as central to religious identity. Lower order systems are very specific, while higher order systems are more abstract, such as ideas of happiness. prayers to request the forgiveness of sins. It is highly visible and, in the words of Raymond T. Firth (1995:214), represents "a massive output of human enterprise." Religious beliefs and are an enduring tribute to humankind's nearly infinite resourcefulness and adaptability in coping with the problems of daily life. T/F: According to your text, all religious traditions explicitly distinguish between natural and supernatural planes of existence. T/F: Ritual can be thought of as patterned and formal behavior that communicates some kind of meaning. ), a concept constructed by the human mind that includes a particular set of human beliefs and practices, centered on the questions of when and how religion began, the concept of a simpler, more basic, and more ancient supernatural force, the view of religion as a human construction, more specifically as a construction of those in power, asking questions such as "What does religion do?" Rites marking transitions between places or stages of life. 5. + sexually egalitarian, Thought of ritual as a performance planned or improvised that effects the transformation life to an alternative context within which the everyday is transformed