Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. 22. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). b. life expectancy has reached a new high. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section. In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. Test 1: Quizes 1-4 Flashcards | Chegg.com As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. Loss of appetite. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. Treatment. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. Instead, sleep is composed of several different stages that can be differentiated from one another by the patterns of brain wave activity that occur during each stage. Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. While awake, we feel alert and aware of the many important things going on around us. A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). Users often consume the drug every few hours across days-long binges called runs, in which the user forgoes food and sleep. People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. A person with asleep debtdoes not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. Ebola virus disease - World Health Organization Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. c++ - What is internal state? - Stack Overflow Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. . Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. Mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists, and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor. d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles.
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