In: New York: Academic Press. Lee, Farrell, and Link (2004) used data from a national survey of public attitudes toward homeless people to evaluate the applicability of the contact hypothesis to relationships between homeless and housed people, even in the absence of Allports four positive factors. The aim of this chapter is to present an outline of a theory of intergroup conflict and some preliminary data relating to the theory. On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport, 262-277. A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Tajfel, H. and Turner, J., 1979. ), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. Tajfel (1979) proposed that the groups (e.g. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). This could occur in a conflict including warfare among nations, strife between racial groups, controversies among scientists, and so on. It has been around since the beginning of time and has played a role in shaping human history. Chu, D., & Griffey, D. (1985). . LeVine, R. A., & Campbell, D. T. (1972). The concepts and roles of multicultural education. When and How School Desegregation Improves Intergroup Relations. This book is of particular value because it provides important insights into Tajfel's thinking and growth as a scholar throughout this process, and how this research, spanning decades, eventually evolved into what becomes known as social identity theory. Abstract Studied the effects of reward magnitude and comparability of the outgroup on minimal intergroup discrimination where self-interest was related to ingroup profit. Journal of Negro Education, 194-204. R.J. (1983) `Third Party Consultation as a Method of Intergroup Conflict Resolution: A Review of Studies', Journal of Conflict Resolution 27: 302-334. In T. Postmes & N. R. Branscombe (Eds. Deutsch, M., & Collins, M. E. (1951). Schofield, J. W., & Eurich-Fulcer, R. (2004). Research in Community Sociology, 1(1), 121-143. Includes work by: Stuart Albert, Mats Alvesson, Blake E. Ashforth, Marilynn B. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Austin W. G . Meanwhile, intergroup conflict occurs between teams that most often have adversarial goals, such as between warring nations or competing companies (Eidelson & Eidelson, 2003). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Attitude toward the Negro of northern and southern college students. Its central hypothesis"real conflict of group interests causes intergroup conflict" is simple and haas received strong empirical support. Patricia L. Obst, Katherine M. White, Kenneth I. Mavor, Rosland M. Baker, Byeong-Sam Kim, Kyoungwoo Park, Young-Woo Kim, Dikima D. Bibelayi, Albert S. Lundemba, Philippe V. Tsalu, Pitchouna I. Kilunga, Jules M. Tshishimbi, Zphirin G. Yav, Kimberly Sell, Elaine Amella, Martina Mueller, Jeannette Andrews, Joy Wachs. . The conflict spiral model does not only describe escalation. While some theorists believed that contact between in groups, such as between races, bred suspicion, fear, resentment, disturbance, and at times open conflict (Baker, 1934), others, such as Lett (1945), believed that interracial contact led to mutual understanding and regard.. Die Theorie der Sozialen Identitt von Henri Tajfel und John Turner (1979, 1986) ist eine sozialpsychologische Theorie intergruppaler Prozesse. Abstract The aim of this chapter is to present an outline of a theory of intergroup conflict and some preliminary data relating to the theory. Reducing intergroup bias through intergroup contact: Twenty years of progress and future directions. Anja Eller, Dominic Abrams, Dominic Abrams. This view of human nature was later echoed by many other theorists, including Freud and Darwin. 94-109). Posted on 1 second ago; June 24, 2022 . Stephan, W. G., Boniecki, K. A., Ybarra, O., Bettencourt, A., Ervin, K. S., Jackson, L. A., . Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell. Scientific American, 223, 96102. The fifth and final set of beliefs discussed here that can lead to intergroup conflict is helplessness. Kanas, Scheepers, and Sterrkens believed that this effect could be explained by perceived group threat. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds. In: JSTOR. Recent advances in intergroup contact theory. The aggressor-defender model of intergroup conflict is one that dominates the thinking of many leaders in public life. Additionally, people from different groups may be unfamiliar with or even distrustful of each other, which can further contribute to conflict (Fisher, 2000). 3347). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. AUTHORS: An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. American Sociological Review, 69(1), 40-63. doi:10.1177/000312240406900104. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Intergroup conflict has a number of aggravating factors, such as group size, group composition, goal incompatibility, dependence, and structural factors. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Social Dominance Theory and Religion. Works, E. (1961). For example, in Sheriff et al. Social identity theory was developed as an integrative theory, as it aimed to connect cognitive processes and behavioral motivation. Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. These feelings of distrust can lead to a desire to distance oneself from the other or even to attack the other. 29, Allport, G. W. (1955). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. Researchers such as Deutsch and Collins (1951); Wilner, Walkley, and Cook (1955); and Works (1961) supported mounting evidence that contact diminished racial prejudice among both blacks and whites through their studies of racially desegregated housing projects. In: H. Tajfel, ed., Create and edit multiple bibliographies. The nature of prejudice. Negro-white adjustment in America. by. Identity, influence, and change: Rediscovering John Turner's vision for social psychology, Prospects for Group Processes and Intergroup Relations Research: A Review of 70 Years' Progress, Social categorization and power differentials in group relations, From Social to Political Identity: A Critical Examination of Social Identity Theory, We are still better than them: A longitudinal field study of ingroup favouritism during a merger, Social Psychological Research: The Comparison of Four Journals, Lock et al. 3366). The psychology of intergroup conflict: A review of theories and measures. This study examines the mediating role of, View 13 excerpts, cites background and methods, The goal of this study is to gain insight in how the type of contract an employee holds (temporary versus permanent) influences the relationship between workplace attachment and turnover intentions, View 22 excerpts, cites methods and background, .. xi ZET, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Johnson, D., Johnson, R., & Maruyama, G. (1984). The conflict began as a peaceful protest against the government but quickly escalated into a full-blown civil war when the government began to crack down on the protesters, leading to a cycle of violence (Eidelson & Eidelson, 2003). Kephart, W. M. (2018). Pettigrew, T. F., Tropp, L. R., Wagner, U., & Christ, O. The two groups share similar statuses, interests, and tasks; the situation fosters personal, intimate intergroup contact; participants do not fit stereotypical conceptions of their group members; Does positive interreligious contact reduce, while negative interreligious contact induces negative attitudes towards the religious out-group? Interreligious Contact, Perceived Group Threat, and Perceived Discrimination:Predicting Negative Attitudes among Religious Minorities and Majorities in Indonesia. This research article used a controversial inprogress conflict case story, namely the Citizenship Amendment Act in India, to illustrate the benefit of using a combined socioecological framework and integrative identity negotiation theory in explaining intergroup conflict complexity. Cooper, J., & Fazio, R. H. (1986). Psychological science, 19 (4), 405-411. This study employed the integrated threat theory of intergroup attitudes to examine the attitudes of Black and White students toward the other racial group. Cultural Opennes and Cooperation Effect, Testing the social identity relative deprivation (SIRD) model of social change: The political rise of Scottish nationalism, Towards a clearer understanding of social identity theory's self-esteem hypothesis, Negotiation as a Social Process Multiparty Negotiation in Its Social Context, The "contact hypothesis": Critical reflections and future directions, The impact of ingroup favoritism on self-esteem: A normative perspective, The Role of Social Groups in Radicalisation, The_Scope_of_Social_Psychology__Theory_and_Applications.pdf, Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination: Theoretical and Empirical Overview, Probing the history of social psychology, exploring diversity and views of the social: Publication trends in the European Journal of Social Psychology from 1971 to 2016, Opinionbased group membership as a predictor of commitment to political action Bliuc, Social Identity Theory in Sports Fandom Research, Social Identification Dimensions as Mediators of the Effect of Prototypicality on Intergroup Behaviours, Social hierarchies and intergroup discrimination: The case of the intermediate status group, The Social Identity Perspective: Intergroup Relations, Self-Conception, and Small Groups, Epistemic Identities in Interdisciplinary Science, Attractiveness of normative and deviant members as function of group status and group membership, Dominant and Non-Dominant Groups' Responses to Social Change: The Economic Transformation Process in South Africa, When Attribution of Consistency Depends on Group Value: Social Valorization of Preference for Consistency in Equivalent and Asymmetric Intergroup Relations, Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Levels of collective identity and self representations. SIT is a classic social psychological theory that attempts to explain intergroup conflict as a function of group-based self-definitions. The intensity and severity of intergroup conflict the degree to which the parties are committed to expending resources and energy in an effort to defeat the other depends on a multitude of factors. in interesting facts about sam houston. Duckitt, J., & Mphuthing, T. (1998). Personality and social psychology review, 7 (2), 129-145. It has long been a subject of research in social psychology, political psychology, and organizational behavior. Kanas, A., Scheepers, P., & Sterkens, C. (2015). This tends to lead to Allports third characteristic of intergroup contact; intergroup cooperation (Pettigrew and Tropp, 2005). The Hutu majority in Rwanda felt helpless against the Tutsi minority, leading to the mass slaughter of Tutsis (Eidelson & Eidelson, 2003). Messick, D. M., & Mackie, D. M. (1989). A closer look at social discrimination in positive and negative domains. At an individual level, beliefs of superiority revolve around a persons enduring notion that he or she is better than other people in important ways. Jacques, K. and Taylor, P., 2009. A critical approach towards an integrative dynamic framework for understanding and managing organizational culture change 1 UU-PS holistic dentist lancaster pa; average shot put distance for middle school girl. A reply to Sidanius & Pratto and Turner & Reynolds. A third set of beliefs that can lead to intergroup conflict is the belief that one is vulnerable to harm from others. This study tests social identity theory and realistic conflict theory by examining intra- and intergroup relations in a team-based community-health care organization. 33-47). Researchers have also criticized Allport for not specifying the processes involved in intergroup contacts effects or how these apply to other situations, the entire outgroup, or outgroups not involved in the contact (Pettigrew, 1998). Cohen, E. G. (1982). [1] [2] In W. G. Austin, & S. Worchel (Eds. Does positive interreligious contact reduce negative out-group attitudes when intergroup relations are tense and both groups experience extreme conflict and violence. Are you ready to take control of your mental health and relationship well-being? American Journal of Sociology, 67(1), 47-52. When are we better than them and they worse than us? by | Jun 3, 2022 | chrysler 300 won t shift gears | which muscle can easily be damaged during makeup application? INTERGROUP CONTACT THEORY. Leadership, Social Identity and the Politics of Underdevelopment in Africa. In S. Worchel & W. Austin (Eds. The theory of evolution by natural selection is, perhaps, the crowning intellectual achievement of the biological sciences. In: W. Austin and S. Worchel, ed.. Turner, J., 1982. ), Differentiation between social groups (pp. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 20(5), 606-620. Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behavior. Does the perception of group threat provide a valid mechanism for both the positive and negative effects of interreligious contact? 120 teachers (Mage=24.00, SD=3.71, 88% female) evaluated a hypothetical exclusion scenario in which, Cette these etudie limpact des degradations de symboles nationaux sur les relations intergroupes et les dimensions psycho-sociales (identification et patriotismes) pouvant le moduler. ABSTRACT: Several researches have been conducted on the nature, character and causes of underdevelopment in Africa. H. Tajfel, J. C. Turner, "An integrative theory of intergroup conflict" in The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, W. G. Austin, S. Worchel, Eds. Zusammenfassung. Jackson, P. (1985). In: H. Tajfel, ed., Social identity and intergroup relations. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. European Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 534. (2003). Brewer, George Cheney, Lars Thoger Christensen, C.H. It concludes by arguing for the necessity of class suicide of the political class and also cognitive re-orientation of the led through education. Favouritism towards own group is hypothesized to arise from intergroup comparisons to enhance self-esteem as well as instrumental rivalry for group and self-interest. This chapter presents an outline of a theory of intergroup conflict and some preliminary data relating to the theory. From I to We: social identity and the collective self. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). Historically, in contact hypothesis research, racial and ethnic minorities have been the out-group of choice; however, the hypothesis can extend to out-groups created by a number of factors. A second set of beliefs that commonly leads to intergroup conflict is the belief that one has been treated unfairly. Towards a cognitive redefinition of the group. When I equals we: Exploring the relation between social and personal identity of extreme right-wing political party members. Psychological Bulletin, 79, 185199. tec power grout calculator; bottega veneta sunglasses dupe; sahith theegala swing The smallest contact effects happened between those with and without mental and physical disabilities (Pettigrew and Tropp, 2005). Rusch, H., & Gavrilets, S. (2020). This paper briefly engages the arguments and counterarguments of the paradox of development in Africa and then goes on to show how the absence of social identity or group identity has been the bane of development in Africa. Erev, I., Bornstein, G., & Galili, R. (1993). an integrative theory of intergroup conflict 1979 citation. Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. When we make ethnic identity salient to Asian-American subjects, they make more patient choices. Nonetheless, these early investigations were speculative rather than empirical (Pettigrew and Tropp, 2005). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. This importance has been demonstrated in such wide-ranging circumstances as the military (Landis, Hope, and Day, 1983), business (Morrison and Herlihy, 1992), and religion (Parker, 1968). In H. Tajfel (Ed. Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. In regions experiencing more interreligious violence, there was no effect on interreligious friendships but a further deterioration in effect between casual interreligious contact and negative out-group attitudes. 33-37). Chicago: Nelson-Hall. Resilience is a dynamic process of positive adaptation and recovery from adversity. Stouffer, S. A., Suchman, E. A., DeVinney, L. C., Star, S. A., & Williams Jr, R. M. (1949). Although originally studied in the context of race and ethnic relations, the contact hypothesis has applicability between ingroup-outgroup relations across religion, age, sexuality, disease status, economic circumstances, and so on. The creation of group identities involves both the categorization of ones in-group with regard to an out-group and the tendency to view ones own group with a positive bias vis-a-vis the out-group. Tajfel, H., and J. C. Turner. However, rather than focusing on the initial cause of the conflict, the conflict-spiral model describes the dynamic, interactive process by which individuals or groups find themselves caught in an upward spiral of hostilities (Rusch & Gavrilets, 2020). A Psychology, 40, 45-81. Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). The p. Turner, J. C. (1975). The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43(4), 417. We are committed to engaging with you and taking action based on your suggestions, complaints, and other feedback. An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. International journal of psychology, 35 (2), 136-144. 94-109. The more incompatible the goals of the two groups are, the more likely it is that they will come into conflict with each other. Self-verification: Bringing social reality into harmony with the self. 209-225): Elsevier. Taylor, M. (1987). While dwelling on available secondary data, this paper theorizes the interplay among politics of underdevelopment, leadership and social identity in Africa. Much of the work on the social psychology of intergroup relations has focused on patterns of individual prejudices and discrimination and on the motivational sequences of interpersonal interaction. Gordon Allport taught sociology as a young man in Turkey (Nicholson, 2003) but emphasized proximal and immediate causes and disregarded larger-level, societal causes of intergroup effects. Our focus in two studies (one in Romania and one in Australia, both Ns = 101) was on opinion-based groups (i.e. Intergroup conflict is a term that refers to disagreement or confrontation between two or more groups and their members. an integrative theory of intergroup conflict 1979 citation. T he late Henri Tajfel (19191982) is one of the central figures who shaped the development of post-war European social psychology. Your Bibliography: Baray, G., Postmes, T. and Jetten, J., 2009. Psychological review, 105 (3), 499. Google . Intergroup relations refers to interactions between individuals in different social groups, and to interactions taking place between the groups themselves collectively. Williams Jr, R. M. (1947). . BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester. Introduction Social identity theory (SIT) was developed by Henri Tajfel in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Female Terrorism: A Review. Abstract. Harvard University. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 60, 110 . Socio Psychological Counseling: How to Manage Identities? British Journal of Social Psychology, 2001. Journal of personality and social psychology, 90(5), 751. 2014. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). A fourth set of beliefs that can lead to intergroup conflict is distrust. Kanas, Scheepers, and Sterkens found that even accounting for the effects of self-selection, interreligious friendships reduced negative attitudes toward the religious out-group, while casual interreligious contact tended to increase negative out-group attitudes. Parker, J. H. (1968). Social identity theory (SIT) provides a framework for explaining intergroup behavior and intergroup communication based on the inherent value humans place on social group memberships, and their desire to view their specific social groups in a positive light. Intergroup bias: Status, differentiation, and a common in-group identity. Social categorization and intergorup behavior. An integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict Previous studies Gap and objectives Individual psychology of intergroup relations has focused on patterns of individual prejudice and discrimination The Authoritarian Personality (Adorno et al, 1950) RCT does not focus on the development and maintenance of group identity In this thoroughly updated and expanded second edition, major international . The contact hypothesis fundamentally rests on the idea that ingroups who have more interactions with a certain outgroup tend to develop more positive perceptions and fewer negative perceptions of that outgroup. The aggressor is seen as motivated by evil and illegitimate aims, while the one being aggressed upon by noble, morally correct, and legitimate motivations. The results lead to extend this method to other social disabilities. Self- and interpersonal evaluations: Esteem theories versus consistency theories. Socio Psychological Counseling: How to Manage Identities? An integrative theory of intergroup conflict, Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. The contact hypothesis is the idea that intergroup contact under particular conditions can reduce prejudice between majority and minority group members. Post author: Post published: February 17, 2022 Post category: polymorphous light eruption treatment Post comments: lactose intolerance worse in summer lactose intolerance worse in summer Social comparison and social identity: Some prospects for intergroup behaviour. Tajfel, H. (1970). The contact theory of racial integration: The case of sport. An integrative theory of inter-group conflict. The support of authorities, law, and customs also tend to lead to more positive intergroup contact effects because authorities can establish norms of acceptance and guidelines for how group members should interact with each other. Interracial housing: A psychological evaluation of a social experiment: U of Minnesota Press. Diversity in the Workplace, 203-226. Morrison, E. W., & Herlihy, J. M. (1992). By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Organizational Identity presents the classic works on organizational identity alongside more current thinking on the issues. ALNAP Ranging from theoretical contributions to empirical studies, the readings in this volume address the key issues of organizational identity, and show how these issues have developed through contributions from such diverse fields of study as sociology, psychology, management studies and cultural studies. Sims, V. M., & Patrick, J. R. (1936). It has received 13201 citation (s) till now. Theoretical approach to intra- and intergroup life emphasizing the importance of positive group distinctiveness (i.e., favorable comparisons to other groups). This has elicited a large amount of stigmatization and associations between homelessness and poor physical and mental health, substance abuse, and criminality, and ethnographic studies have revealed that homeless people are regularly degraded, avoided, or treated as non-persons by passersby (Anderson, Snow, and Cress, 1994). Social inequality is the unequal distribution of resources, power, and status within a society. These are the sources and citations used to research Psychology. Intergroup conflict refers to any disagreement or confrontation between the members of at least two different groups. Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. In a similar direction, white police in Philadelphia with black colleagues showed fewer objections to working with black partners, having black people join previously all-white police districts, and taking orders from qualified black police officers (Kephart, 1957; Pettigrew and Tropp, 2005). Your Bibliography: Turner, J., 1982. These studies ranged from the 1940s to the year 2000 and represented responses from 250,493 individuals across 38 countries. This chapter has spawned a large research literature on race relations and beyond. demonstrated that white soldiers who fought alongside black soldiers in the 1944-1945 Battle of the Bulge tended to have far more positive attitudes toward their black colleagues (Pettigrew and Tropp, 2005), regardless of status or place of origin. Group processes: Dynamics within and between groups (2nd ed.). From a psychological perspective, broadly defined, intergroup conflict is the perceived incompatibility of goals or values between two or more individuals, which emerges because these individuals classify themselves as members of different social groups. Subscribe now and start your journey towards a happier, healthier you. In: W. Austin and S. Worchel, ed., The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations.. Montery, CA: Brookes-Cole. About:The article was published on 2001-01-01 and is currently open access. In addition, children placed in the age-integrated preschool show better differentiation between adult age groups than those not in that preschool. In: JSTOR. Producing equal-status interracial interaction: A replication. Renfro, C. L. (2002). In this book, Allport proposed the contact hypothesis, which posits that increased contact between members of different groups will lead to reduced prejudice and, ultimately, conflict. Uncertainty and Risk EARTHSCAN RISK IN SOCIETY SERIES Series editor: Ragnar E. Lfstedt Facility Siting Risk, Power and Identity in Land-Use Planning Edited by sa Boholm and Ragnar E. Lfstedt Hazards, Vulnerability and Environmental Justice Susan L. Cutter The Perception of Risk Paul Slovic Risk Governance Coping with Uncertainty in a Complex World Ortwin Renn Risk, Media and Stigma . (2003). Following a resurgence of religion-related conflict and religiously motivated intolerance and violence and the 1999-2002 outbreak of sectarian violence in Ambon, Indonesia, between Christians and Muslims, researchers have become motivated to find ways to reduce acts of religiously motivated intolerance. Ingroup identification, social dominance orientation, and differential intergroup social allocation. Jones, S. C. (1973). One example of vulnerability leading to intergroup conflict is the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States. The Social identity theory was originated from two British social psychologists - Henri Tajfel and John Turner in 1979, and states that "part of a person's concept of self comes from the groups to which that person belongs". Dovidio, J. F., Love, A., Schellhaas, F. M., & Hewstone, M. (2017). 1979. 2.1. Gazi Islam . An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. Affective and cognitive implications of a group becoming part of the self: New models of prejudice and of the self-concept. For example, a national football team (Chu and Griffey, 1985; Patchen, 1982) could draw from many people of different races and ethnic origins people from different groups in working together and replying to each other to achieve their shared goals of winning. "Ingroup love" and "outgroup hate" in intergroup conflict between natural groups. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Tajfel and Turner Intergroup Conflict Theories 1997 Authors: D. Robert Worley Johns Hopkins University Preprints and early-stage research may not have been peer reviewed yet. Theories of intergroup relations: International social psychological perspectives. Racial factors and urban law enforcement: University of Pennsylvania Press. This bibliography was generated on Cite This For Me on Wednesday, November 8, 2017, In-text: (Baray, Postmes and Jetten, 2009). In such contexts, immoral behaviour perpetrated by outgroup members may encourage the inference that the outgroup is an essentially immoral entity (Reeder & Brewer, 1979 . Following these studies, Cornell University sociologist Robin Williams Jr. offered 102 propositions on intergroup relations that constituted an initial formulation of intergroup contact theory. In fact, according to newer theoretical approaches, there are negative factors that can even subvert the way that contact normally reduces prejudice (Pettigrew and Tropp, 2005). This can be at an individual level, such as when a person feels threatened by someone else, or at the group level, such as when a country feels threatened by another countrys military buildup. Intergroup conict. Brewer and Miller (1996) and Brewer and Brown (1998) suggest that these conditions can be viewed as an application of dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957). For example, the strategic arms limitation talks and summits between the United States and the Soviet Union caused a step-by-step retreat from nuclear confrontation (Rusch & Gavrilets, 2020). European Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 514. All else being equal, the larger the number of people in a group, the more likely it is to be involved in an intergroup conflict. Google Scholar Tajfel, H., Flament, C., Billig, M., & Bundy, R. (1971). Ecological Model of Four Domains of Active Living Components of the Health Belief Model Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior Integrated Behavioral Model Comparative Outcomes of Health Promotion Interventions Theoretical (Stress Prevention, Stress-Buffering, and Direct Effect) Models and Pathways Linking Social Support to . Hewstone, M., & Greenland, K. (2000). However, it was not until the early 1900s that sociologists began to study intergroup conflict in a systematic way, most often to figure out ways to reduce or mitigate it. Initially, its main focus was on intergroup conflict and intergroup relations more broadly. 1979 - Brookes-Cole - Montery, CA In-text: (Tajfel and Turner, 1979) Your Bibliography: Tajfel, H. and Turner, J., 1979.
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